Prevention and medical procedures

Preventative examination (annual check-up) - focused on the screening of early stages of gynaecological diseases, especially precancerosis of the uterine cervix. During a routine PAP test
two smears are taken (external and internal cervix), the results are available within 14 days, ususally negative (you can relax for a year), or, if an abnormality is found, it can be treated with a minor procedure.
A regular PAP smear (in Europe called cervical cytology)can be a life-saving procedure.

Follow-up examination - if gynaecological findings require careful regular observation (abnormal PAP smear or colposcopy, uterine fibroic, ovarian cyst) or if the woman takes regular medication (HRT, OC)

Urgent problems - (vaginal discharge, pain, irregular bleeding), e.g. common routine examination more frequent than the annual check-up

Infertility diagnostics and treatment
Habitual aborting diagnostics and treatment
Treatment of pre-fertile age problems (juvenile metrorrhagia)

Treatment of perimenopausal disorders


Routine operative procedures – all procedures performed under general anaestesia are done in our hospitals (see facilities)

A. Minor procedures- outpatient ( you are admitted / discharged on the same day): curettage, biopsy, abortion

B. Major procedures - (hospital stay over 24 hours): removal of ovarian cysts, fibroid or removal of the whole organs if necessary, diagnostic laparoscopy for infertility…

Myomy děložní - informace pro pacientku - MUDr. Michael Halaška, Ph.D.

Úvod
Jedná se o benigní nádory vycházející z hladké svaloviny dělohy. Výskyt u žen je poměrně častý. Incidence se udává 20-30% u žen nad 30 let. Většinou se v děloze vyskytuje několik myomů. Riziko změny ve zhoubný nádor je vyjímečná. Myomy jsou hormonálně závislé, proto nevznikají u dívek před nástupem menses ani po přechodu. Jejich růst lze ovlivnit zablokováním ženských pohlavních hormonů. Podle umístění můžeme rozdělit na myomy na myomy pod sliznicí děložní, myomy umístěné uvnitř stěny děložní, myomy ...
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SILGARD

SILGARD (or Gardasil) is a vaccine. Vaccination with Silgard is intended to protect against diseases caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types 6,11,16 and 18. These diseases include cervical cancer, pre-cancerous lesions of the femal genitals (including cervix and vulva) and genital warts. HPV types 16-18 are responsible for 70% of cervical cancer cases and HPV types 6,11 for approximately 90% of genital wart cases.

Cervical cancer

The cervix is covered with a layer of skin-like cells on its outer surface, called the 'ectocervix'. There are glandular cells lining the inside of the cervix (the endocervix). The glandular cells produce mucus. The skin-like cells of the ectocervix can become cancerous in cervical cancer, leading to a squamous cell cervical cancer. Or the glandular cells of the endocervix can become cancerous, leading to an adenocarcinoma of the cervix.

The area where cervical cells are most likely to become cancerous is called the transformation zone. It is the area just around the opening of the cervix that leads on to the endocervical canal. The endocervical canal is the narrow passageway that runs up from the cervix into the womb. The transformation zone is the area that your doctor or nurse will concentrate on when taking a cervical smear.

The vagina is the tube from the outside of the body to the entrance to the womb. The skin-like cells that cover the cervix join with the skin covering the inside of the vagina. So even if you have had your womb and cervix removed, you can still have smear tests taken from the top of the vagina.

Cervical cancer symptoms

The most common symptom of cervical cancer is bleeding from the vagina at other times than when you are having a period. You may have bleeding

• Between periods
• After or during sex
• At any time if you are past your menopause

Some women also have
• A vaginal discharge that smells unpleasant
• Discomfort or pain during sex

Doctors call pain related to sex 'dyspareunia'. There are many other conditions that cause these symptoms. Most of them much more common than cervical cancer. But you should go to your doctor straight away if you have any of these symptoms. You probably dont have cancer. But if you do, the sooner you are treated, the more likely you are to be cured and usually the less treatment you will need to have.

Pre-cancerous cell changes do not usually have any symptoms. Which is why it is so important to have a regular smear test.

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

What is human papillomavirus (HPV)?

Human papillomavirus is also called HPV. It is a virus that includes more than 100 types, over 30 of which are sexually transmitted. The types of HPV that infect the genital area are known as genital HPV. Most sexually active people will have HPV at some point in their lives, though most will never know it because it usually has no symptoms and goes away on its own. Genital HPV types are either low-risk or high-risk types. This does not have to do with the risk of getting the infection. It is about the risk of getting cervical cancer.

How do I know if I have an HPV infection?

A Pap test can find changes on the cervix, caused by an HPV infection. To do a Pap test, your doctor will use a small brush to take cells from your cervix. It’s simple and fast and the best way to find out if your cervix is healthy.

If you’re age 30 or older, your doctor may also do an HPV test with your Pap test. This is a DNA test that detects most of the high-risk types of HPV and is a test to help with cervical cancer screening. If you’re younger than 30 years old and have had a borderline (ASC-US) Pap test result, your doctor may give you an HPV test. This test will tell you if HPV caused the abnormal cells on your cervix.

Another way to tell if you have an HPV infection is if you have genital warts. Genital warts can grow inside and around the outside of the vagina, on the vulva ("lips" or opening to the vagina) and cervix, groin and in or around the anus. In men, genital warts can grow on the penis, scrotum, thigh, groin, or in or around the anus. Most of the time, people who have HPV infections never know they have it.

Can HPV be treated?

No. There is no treatment or cure for HPV. However, there is treatment for the changes that HPV can cause on the cervix, as well as treatment for genital warts.

Genital warts

Genital warts (or condyloma, or condylomata acuminata) is a highly contagious sexually transmitted infection. Caused by some variants of the Human papillomavirus, typically HPV 6 and HPV 11, it is spread during oral, genital, or anal sex with an infected partner. Genital warts (condylomata acuminata or venereal warts) are the most easily recognized sign of genital HPV infection. Most people who acquire those strains never develop warts or any other symptoms. Genital warts often occur in clusters and can be very tiny or can spread into large masses in the genital or anal area. In women the warts occur on the outside and inside of the vagina, on the opening (cervix) to the womb (uterus), or around the anus. While genital warts are approximately as prevalent in men, the symptoms of the disease may be less obvious. When present, they usually are seen on the tip of the penis. They also may be found on the shaft of the penis, on the scrotum, or around the anus. Rarely, genital warts also can develop in the mouth or throat of a person who has had oral sex with an infected person.

How are genital warts treated?

Genital warts can be treated or not treated. Some people may want warts removed if they cause itching, burning, and discomfort. Others may want to clear up visible warts. If you decide to have warts removed, do NOT use over-the counter medicines meant for other kinds of warts. There are special treatments for genital warts. Your doctor may treat genital warts by applying a chemical in the office. Or your doctor may prescribe a cream that you apply at home.

Surgery is also an option. Surgical treatments include:
• Electrocautery. An electric current is used to burn off the warts.
• Laser treatment. Light is used to destroy warts.
• Cryosurgery. Warts are frozen off.